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In a reaction vessel salicylic acid, acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid are mixed. The exothermic reaction will cause the temperature to increase to 70-80°C. Once the reaction is complete the...
Chromatography is an analytical tool used to separate similar compounds. Thin-layer chromatography utilizes a sheet coated with silica gel. The samples are applied to the silica gel sheet and separated...
Be prepared for the entire school year with the complete set of all 22 AP Chemistry lab activities. Set includes: IS8001 Thermochemistry and Hess’s Law IS8002 Activity Series IS8003 Mole...
The mixture to be analyzed by column chromatography is applied to the top of the column. The liquid solvent (the eluent) is passed through the column by gravity or by...
Students will study electrochemical series. The electrochemical series is built up by arranging various redox equilibria in order of their standard electrode potentials (redox potentials). When a strip of metal...
After a compound has been synthesized, analytical tests should be carried out to confirm that the correct compound has been produced. In this lab we will perform tests to confirm...
Determine the identity of a metal carbonate by gravimetric analysis. Gravimetric analysis is a technique through which the amount of an analyte (the ion being analyzed) can be determined through...
pH is the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. As this concentration can extend over several orders of magnitude, it is convenient to express it by...
Students will determine the volume of one mole of gas. This is accomplished by generating a known mass of oxygen gas, measuring its temperature, volume and pressure, and then using...
The quantitative stoichiometric relationships governing mass and amount will be studied using the combustion reaction of magnesium metal. Magnesium is reacted with oxygen from the air in a crucible, and...
In this experiment, you will prepare three buffer solutions having different pH values and show that the pH of these solutions does not change significantly when small amounts of acids...
Once the Grignard reagent is prepared, it can be used to prepare the target compound. In this experiment the target compound is a carboxylic acid. To prepare a carboxylic acid,...
In this experiment the indicator eriochrome black T (EBT) is used to signal the presence of ions in the water sample. EBT binds with free metal ions in the water...
The way in which light is absorbed or reflected by a crystalline material is determined by the structure of the crystal. This crystal structure can be changed by the application...
The tendency of oxidation-reduction reactions is to proceed to an equilibrium state. These reactions occurring in electrochemical cells provide another way for us to express the driving force in chemical...
Raoult’s Law can be proven empirically by measuring the change in vapor pressure as solute is added to a solvent. The measurements will be taken at different temperatures to demonstrate...
Molecular mass is a parameter, which is useful in determining the identity of an unknown compound. One technique to determine the molecular mass of an unknown is to measure the...
The term oxidation can mean the chemical combination of a substance with oxygen and reduction can be the removal of oxygen from a compound. When oxygen reacts with any other...
The idea of the reversibility of chemical reactions was first stated by C. Berthollet in 1799. He noted deposits of sodium carbonate in certain salt lakes in Egypt and concluded...
Many combinations of mono and trivalent cations yield crystals of the same stoichiometry and structure. The crystals are normally in the form of an octahedron. Sodium, potassium and ammonium ions...
The probability that a photon of light will be absorbed by a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing molecules, the thickness of the sample and the...
Colorimetric or turbidimetric methods of analysis have been developed for most of the elements and ionic species. These methods can be employed to quickly determine the chemical composition of an...
In a chemical reaction, reactants are converted to product at a given rate. This rate can be changed by alternating either the temperature of the reaction, the form of the...
A solution of sodium hydroxide which is approximately 0.01M will be standardized with a solid acid, potassium hydrogen phthalate, to determine the exact molarity of the base. The standardized base...
The yield of ester can be increased either by removing one of the products of the reaction as it is formed or by increasing the concentration of one of the...
Le Chatelier’s Principle is a qualitative rule, which allows the prediction of the effect of temperature, pressure and concentration changes on chemical reactions. The principle states: A chemical system at...
Using the method of continuous variation, two solutions are combined in various ratios. To select the ratio that produces the most product or consumes the most reactants, students must find...
An activity series of metals is a table of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing chemical activity or the ease at which the metal will give up one...
Employ Hess’s Law of enthalpy based on the observed data for two reactions. Students can measure the temperatures of the reaction in a calorimeter and analyze the data calculating the...