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Raoult’s Law can be proven empirically by measuring the change in vapor pressure as solute is added to a solvent. The measurements will be taken at different temperatures to demonstrate...
Molecular mass is a parameter, which is useful in determining the identity of an unknown compound. One technique to determine the molecular mass of an unknown is to measure the...
The term oxidation can mean the chemical combination of a substance with oxygen and reduction can be the removal of oxygen from a compound. When oxygen reacts with any other...
The idea of the reversibility of chemical reactions was first stated by C. Berthollet in 1799. He noted deposits of sodium carbonate in certain salt lakes in Egypt and concluded...
Many combinations of mono and trivalent cations yield crystals of the same stoichiometry and structure. The crystals are normally in the form of an octahedron. Sodium, potassium and ammonium ions...
The probability that a photon of light will be absorbed by a solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing molecules, the thickness of the sample and the...
Colorimetric or turbidimetric methods of analysis have been developed for most of the elements and ionic species. These methods can be employed to quickly determine the chemical composition of an...
In a chemical reaction, reactants are converted to product at a given rate. This rate can be changed by alternating either the temperature of the reaction, the form of the...
A solution of sodium hydroxide which is approximately 0.01M will be standardized with a solid acid, potassium hydrogen phthalate, to determine the exact molarity of the base. The standardized base...
The yield of ester can be increased either by removing one of the products of the reaction as it is formed or by increasing the concentration of one of the...
Le Chatelier’s Principle is a qualitative rule, which allows the prediction of the effect of temperature, pressure and concentration changes on chemical reactions. The principle states: A chemical system at...
Using the method of continuous variation, two solutions are combined in various ratios. To select the ratio that produces the most product or consumes the most reactants, students must find...
An activity series of metals is a table of metals arranged in the order of their decreasing chemical activity or the ease at which the metal will give up one...
Employ Hess’s Law of enthalpy based on the observed data for two reactions. Students can measure the temperatures of the reaction in a calorimeter and analyze the data calculating the...